NUTRITIONAL ROLE OF RICE BRAN IN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

Lâm Khắc Kỷ1, , Viên Vũ Bảo An, Võ Tấn Đạt
1 Trường Đại học Công nghiệp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

Nội dung chính của bài viết

Tóm tắt

Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death globally, including in Vietnam. In recent years, there has been a rise in younger people developing cardiovascular diseases due to unhealthy lifestyles and diets. The rice bran, a byproduct of rice milling, was traditionally used as animal feed. However, recent research has shown that rice bran contains valuable nutrients such as lipids (15-22%), carbohydrates (34.1-52.2%), fiber (7-14%), and protein (10-16%), as well as beneficial bioactive compounds like flavonoids, ferulic acid, policosanol, and feruloylated oligosaccharides. These components have demonstrated potential in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases. This review presents the nutritional components of rice bran, available rice bran products on the market, and research on its impacts on cardiovascular health, suggesting its potential incorporation into food products to mitigate cardiovascular disease risk.

Chi tiết bài viết

Tài liệu tham khảo

1. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2025. [Cited 2024 December 30]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
2. Vietnam Ministry of Health. The trend of death due to cardiovascular disease is increasing in Vietnam [Internet]. Moh.gov.vn. 2025 [cited 2024 Mar 15]. Available from: https://moh.gov.vn/tin-tong-hop/-/asset_publisher/k206Q9qkZOqn/content/xu-huong-tu-vong-do-benh-tim-mach-ang-ngay-cang-tang-tai-viet-nam.
3. Vietnam Ministry of Health. Every year, 200,000 people in Vietnam die from cardiovascular diseases - Related news - Ministry of Health Information Portal [Internet]. Moh.gov.vn. 2017 [Cited 2024 Mar 15]. Available from: https://moh.gov.vn/tin-lien-quan/-/asset_publisher/vjYyM7O9aWnX/content/moi-nam-viet-nam-co-200-000-nguoi-tu-vong-do-cac-benh-tim-mach?inheritRedirect=false.
4. Zheng Y, Gao N, Wu J, Yin B. Rice Bran Protein: Extraction, Nutraceutical Properties, and Potential Applications. Rice Bran and Rice Bran Oil [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Dec 6];271–93. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128128282000111. Doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812828-2.00011-1.
5. Vietnam Ministry of Planning and Investment. General Statistics Office. Report on socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and the year 2021. [Cited 2019 Dec 6]. Available from: https://www.mpi.gov.vn/en/Pages/2021/Socio-economic-situation-in-the-fourth-quarter-and-834410.aspx.
6. Fabian C, Ju YH. A Review on Rice Bran Protein: Its Properties and Extraction Methods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2011 Oct;51(9):816–27. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2010.482678.
7. Saunders RM. Rice bran: Composition and potential food uses. Food Reviews International. 1985 Jan;1(3):465–95. doi: 10.1080/87559128509540780.
8. Shafiqul Islam Md, Nagasaka R, Ohara K, Hosoya T, Ozaki H, Ushio H, et al. Biological Abilities of Rice Bran-Derived Antioxidant Phytochemicals for Medical Therapy. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2011 Jul 1;11(14):1847–53. doi: 10.2174/156802611796235099.
9. Hongu N, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J, Dossett CM, Kopeć A, Pope BT, et al. Pigmented Rice Bran and Plant Sterol Combination Reduces Serum Lipids in Overweight and Obese Adults. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2014 May 4;33(3):231–8. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2013.869772
10. Ogawa Y, Shobako N, Fukuhara I, Satoh H, Kobayashi E, Kusakari T, Suwa M, Matsumoto M, Ishikado A. Rice Bran Supplement Containing A Functional Substance, the Novel Peptide Leu-Arg-Ala, has Anti-Hypertensive Effects: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2019 Mar 28;11(4):726.doi: 10.3390/nu11040726.
11. Zhang H, Wang J, Liu Y, Gong L, Sun B. Rice bran proteins and their hydrolysates modulate cholesterol metabolism in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets. Food & Function. 2016 Jan 1;7(6):2747–53. doi: 10.1039/c6fo00044d.
12. Wang J, Shimada M, Nagaoka S. Identification of the active protein in rice bran protein having an inhibitory activity of cholesterol micellar solubility. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2017 Feb;81(6):1216–9. doi: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1282811.
13. Ardiansyah Ardiansyah, Yusuke Ohsaki, Shirakawa H, Takuya Koseki, Michio Komai. Novel Effects of a Single Administration of Ferulic Acid on the Regulation of Blood Pressure and the Hepatic Lipid Metabolic Profile in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008 Mar 18;56(8):2825–30. Doi: 10.1021/jf072896y.
14. EFSA. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA Journal. 2010 Mar;8(3):1461.doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461.
15. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, de Jesus JM, Miller NH, Hubbard VS, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. Circulation. 2013 Nov 12;129(25 suppl 2):S76–99. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1.
16. Kris-Etherton PM, Yu S. Individual fatty acid effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins: human studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 May 1;65(5):1628S1644S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1628S.
18. Park HY, Lee KW, Choi HD. Rice bran constituents: immunomodulatory and therapeutic activities. Food & Function [Internet]. 2017 Mar 22;8(3):935–43. Available from: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/fo/c6fo01763k/unauth. doi: 10.1039/c6fo01763k.
19. Haritha Bollinedi, Singh AK, Singh N, Gopala Krishnan S, Bhowmick PK, K VK, et al. Genetic and genomic approaches to address rapid rancidity of rice bran. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2020 Jan 30;61(1):75–84. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1718598.
20. Chou TW, Ma CY, Cheng HH, Chen YY, Lai MH. A Rice Bran Oil Diet Improves Lipid Abnormalities and Suppress Hyperinsulinemic Responses in Rats with Streptozotocin/Nicotinamide-Induced Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition. 2009;45(1):29–36. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.08-257.
21. Cicero AFG, Gaddi A. Rice Bran Oil and ?-Oryzanol in the Treatment of Hyperlipoproteinaemias and Other Conditions. Phytotherapy Research. 2001;15(4):277–89. doi: 10.1002/ptr.907.
22. Sohail M, Rakha A, Butt MS, Iqbal MJ, Rashid S. Rice bran nutraceutics: A comprehensive review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2017 Jun 13;57(17):3771–80. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1164120.
23. Santhakumar AB, Bulmer AC, Singh I. A review of the mechanisms and effectiveness of dietary polyphenols in reducing oxidative stress and thrombotic risk. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2013 Nov 8;27(1):1–21. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12177.
24. Kumar A. Computational Model of Blood Flow in the Presence of Atherosclerosis. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany. 2010 Jan 1;1591–4. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-14515-5_405.
25. Liao JK. Linking endothelial dysfunction with endothelial cell activation. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2013 Feb 1;123(2):540–1. doi: 10.1172/JCI66843.
26. Sitia S, Tomasoni L, Atzeni F, Ambrosio G, Cordiano C, Catapano A, et al. From endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2010 Oct;9(12):830–4. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.07.016.
27. Chávez-Sánchez L, Chávez-Rueda K, Legorreta-Haquet M, Zenteno E, Ledesma-Soto Y, Montoya-Díaz E, et al. The activation of CD14, TLR4, and TLR2 by mmLDL induces IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion in human monocytes and macrophages. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2010;9(1):117. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-9-117.
28. Libby P, Lichtman Andrew H, Hansson Göran K. Immune Effector Mechanisms Implicated in Atherosclerosis: From Mice to Humans. Immunity. 2013 Jun;38(6):1092–104. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.009.
29. Hassan GS, Merhi Y, Mourad W. CD40 Ligand: A neo-inflammatory molecule in vascular diseases. Immunobiology. 2012 May;217(5):521–32. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.03.010.
30. Nhung BT, Tuyen LD, Linh VA, Anh NDV, Nga TT, Thuc VTM, et al. Rice Bran Extract Reduces the Risk of Atherosclerosis in Post-Menopausal Vietnamese Women. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 Apr 16];62(5):295–302. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnsv/62/5/62_295/_article. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.62.295.
31. Yang Z, Nakabayashi R, Mori T, Takamatsu S, Kitanaka S, Saito K. Metabolome Analysis of Oryza sativa (Rice) Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Characterizing Organ Specificity of Flavonoids with Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Activity. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN. 2016;64(7):952–6. doi: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00180.
32. Fang HY, Chen YK, Chen HH, Lin SY, Fang YT. Immunomodulatory effects of feruloylated oligosaccharides from rice bran. Food Chemistry. 2012 Sep;134(2):836–40. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.190.
33. Wong WT, Ismail M, Imam MU, Zhang YD. Modulation of platelet functions by crude rice (Oryza sativa) bran policosanol extract. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016 Jul 27;16(1):1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1223-9.
34. Li KJ, Borresen EC, Jenkins-Puccetti N, Luckasen G, Ryan EP. Navy Bean and Rice Bran Intake Alters the Plasma Metabolome of Children at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2018 Jan 19;4. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00071.
35. Rao YPC, Sugasini D, Lokesh BR. Dietary gamma oryzanol plays a significant role in the anti-inflammatory activity of rice bran oil by decreasing pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by peritoneal macrophages of rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications [Internet]. 2016 Oct 28;479(4):747–52. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27693794/. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.140.
36. Francisqueti F, Minatel I, Ferron A, Bazan S, Silva V, Garcia J, et al. Effect of Gamma-Oryzanol as Therapeutic Agent to Prevent Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome in Animals Submitted to High Sugar-Fat Diet. Nutrients [Internet]. 2017 Nov 29 [cited 2020 Jan 28];9(12):1299. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748750/doi: 10.3390/nu9121299.
37. Deasy Irawati, John, Slivkoff-Clark KM, Soares MJ, James AP. Dietary fat and physiological determinants of plasma chylomicron remnant homoeostasis in normolipidaemic subjects: insight into atherogenic risk. British Journal Of Nutrition. 2017 Feb 14;117(3):403–12. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517000150.
38.Zavoshy R, Noroozi M, Jahanihashemi H. Effect of low calorie diet with rice bran oil on cardiovascular risk factors in hyperlipidemic patients. J Res Med Sci. 2012 Jul;17(7):626-31.
39.Kuriyan R, Gopinath N, Vaz M, Kurpad AV. Use of rice bran oil in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Natl Med J India. 2005 Nov-Dec;18(6):292-6.
40. Joshi S, Devaraju C, Upadya H. Anti-inflammatory properties of blended edible oil with synergistic antioxidants. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2015;19(4): 511–8. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.159063.
41. Malve H, Kerkar P, Mishra N, Loke S, Rege NN, Marwaha-Jaspal A, Jainani KJ. LDL-cholesterol lowering activity of a blend of rice bran oil and safflower oil (8:2) in patients with hyperlipidaemia: a proof of concept, double blind, controlled, randomised parallel group study. J Indian Med Assoc. 2010 Nov;108(11):785-8.
42. Devarajan S, Singh R, Chatterjee B, Zhang B, Ali A. A blend of sesame oil and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure and improves the lipid profile in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. Journal of Clinical Lipidology. 2016 Mar;10(2):339–49. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.12.011.
43. Perez-Ternero C, Claro C, Parrado J, Herrera MD, Alvarez de Sotomayor M. Rice bran enzymatic extract reduces atherosclerotic plaque development and steatosis in high-fat fed ApoE−/− mice. Nutrition. 2017 May;37:22–9. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.005.
44. Pérez‐Ternero C, Herrera M, Ulrich Laufs, de Á, Werner C. Food supplementation with rice bran enzymatic extract prevents vascular apoptosis and atherogenesis in ApoE−/− mice. European Journal of Nutrition. 2015 Oct 17;56(1):225–36. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1074-z.
45. Justo ML, Claro C, Vila E, Herrera MD, Rodriguez-Rodriguez R. Microvascular disorders in obese Zucker rats are restored by a rice bran diet. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2014 May;24(5):524–31. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.10.032.
46. Justo ML, Candiracci M, Dantas AP, de Sotomayor MA, Parrado J, Vila E, et al. Rice bran enzymatic extract restores endothelial function and vascular contractility in obese rats by reducing vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2013 Aug;24(8):1453–61. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.12.004.
47. Mukherjee S, Ray D, Lekli I, Bak I, Tosaki A, Das DK. Effects of Longevinex (modified resveratrol) on cardioprotection and its mechanisms of action. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2010 Nov;88(11):1017–25. doi: 10.1139/y10-082.
48. Perez-Ternero C, Macià A, de Sotomayor MA, Parrado J, Motilva MJ, Herrera MD. Bioavailability of the ferulic acid-derived phenolic compounds of a rice bran enzymatic extract and their activity against superoxide production. Food & Function. 2017;8(6):2165–74. doi: 10.1039/c7fo00243b.
49.Juan J, Liu G, Willett WC, Hu FB, et al. Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke: Results from two prospective cohort studies. Stroke. 2017 Dec;48(12):3203–9. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.018979.
50. Juan J, Liu G, Willett WC, Hu FB, Rexrode KM, Sun Q. Rice bioactive peptide binding with TLR4 to overcome H2O2-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through NF-κB signaling. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66(2):440–8.
51.Senaphan K, Sangartit W, Pakdeechote P, et al. Rice bran protein hydrolysates reduce arterial stiffening, vascular remodeling, and oxidative stress in rats fed a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. Eur J Nutr. 2018; 57(6):219–30.
52. Senaphan K, Sangartit W, Pakdeechote P, Kukongviriyapan V, Pannangpetch P, Thawornchinsombut S, et al. Rice bran protein hydrolysates reduce arterial stiffening, vascular remodeling and oxidative stress in rats fed a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. European Journal of Nutrition. 2016 Sep 22;57(1):219–30. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1311-0.
53. Choi JS, Roh MK, Kim TU, Cheon EJ, Moon WS, Kim MR. Characteristics of esterified rice bran oil converted by enzymatic esterification. J Environ Biol. 2015 Nov;36(6):1247-54.
54. Lowering of platelet aggregation and serum eicosanoid levels in rats fed with a diet containing coconut oil blends with rice bran oil or sesame oil. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids [Internet]. 2010 Sep 1 [cited 2021 Apr 12];83(3):151–60. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952327810001134. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.06.004.
55.Ogawa Y, Shobako N, & Fukuhara I. Anti-Hypertensive Effects of Peptides Derived from Rice Bran Protein. Nutrients. 2019 Oct 7;12(10):3060. doi: 10.3390/nu12103060.
56.Rao YPC & Sugasini D. Anti-inflammatory activity of rice bran oil in animal models. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2016;479(5):747–52.
57.Vietnam Ministry of Health. [Cited at 2025 January 1, 2025]. [Internet]. moh.gov.vn. Available from: https://moh.gov.vn/hoat-dong-cua-dia-phuong/-/asset_publisher/gHbla8vOQDuS/content/khoang-200-000-nguoi-viet-tu-vong-vi-tim-mach-moi-nam-8-loi-khuyen-e-khong-mac-benh-nay.
58. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases in Viet Nam. [Cited at 2025 January 6. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/vietnam/health-topics/cardiovascular-disease.