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28/06/2025
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25/06/2025
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1.
Lưu HA, Trần TMN, Trần QB. ĂN THUẦN CHAY: NGUY CƠ VÀ DỰ PHÒNG THIẾU CANXI. Tạp chí Dinh dưỡng và Thực phẩm. 2025;21(3):155-164. doi:10.56283/1859-0381/908
ĂN THUẦN CHAY: NGUY CƠ VÀ DỰ PHÒNG THIẾU CANXI
Nội dung chính của bài viết
Tóm tắt
Chế độ ăn thuần chay, loại bỏ hoàn toàn thực phẩm có nguồn gốc động vật, đang trở thành xu hướng phổ biến nhờ những lợi ích về sức khỏe, môi trường và đạo đức. Tuy nhiên, chế độ ăn này đặt ra thách thức lớn về dinh dưỡng, đặc biệt là nguy cơ thiếu canxi – một vi chất thiết yếu cho sức khỏe xương. Nguồn canxi trong thực phẩm thực vật như rau lá xanh, đậu phụ, hạt mè, hạnh nhân tuy có nhưng khả năng hấp thu thường thấp do sự hiện diện của các chất ức chế như oxalat và phytat. Các nghiên cứu cho thấy người ăn chay, đặc biệt là phụ nữ sau mãn kinh, có mật độ xương thấp hơn và nguy cơ loãng xương cao hơn so với người ăn đa dạng thực phẩm. Ngoài ra, tình trạng thiếu vitamin D phổ biến trong nhóm ăn chay càng làm giảm hiệu quả hấp thu canxi và tăng tốc độ mất xương. Vì vậy, người ăn chay cần xây dựng chế độ ăn hợp lý, đa dạng thực phẩm giàu canxi dễ hấp thu và tăng cường vitamin D để bảo vệ sức khỏe xương lâu dài.
Từ khóa
Chế độ ăn thuần chay, thiếp canxi, sức khỏe xương, dinh dưỡng dựa trên thực vật.
Chi tiết bài viết
Tài liệu tham khảo
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2. Salehi G, Díaz E, Redondo R. Forty-five years of research on vegetarianism and veganism: A systematic and comprehensive literature review of quantitative studies. Heliyon. 2023;9(5):e16091. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16091.
3. Stahler C. How many adults are vegetarian?, Veg J. 2006;25:14-15
4. Agnoli C, Baroni L, Bertini I, et al. A comprehensive review of healthy effects of vegetarian diets. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. ;33(7):1308-1315. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.04.005.
5. Key TJ, Papier K, Tong TYN. Plant-based diets and long-term health: findings from the EPIC-Oxford study. Proc Nutr Soc. 2022;81(2):190-198. doi: 10.1017/S0029665121003748.
6. Bakaloudi DR, Halloran A, Rippin HL, et al. Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):3503-3521. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035.
7. Malhotra A, Lakade A. Analytical Review on Nutritional Deficiencies in Vegan Diets: Risks, Prevention, and Optimal Strategies. J Am Nutr Assoc. 2025;1-11. doi: 10.1080/27697061.2025.2461218.
8. Neufingerl N, Eilander A. Nutrient Intake and Status in Adults Consuming Plant-Based Diets Compared to Meat-Eaters: A Systematic Review. 2021;23;14(1):29. doi: 10.3390/nu14010029.
9. Zhu K, Prince RL. Calcium and bone. Clin Biochem. 2012;45(12):936-42. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.05.006.
10. Barr S et al (2002), Perceptions and practices of self-defined current vegetarian, former vegetarian and non-vegetarian, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.
11. Annet C.Hoek et al. Food-related lifestyle and health attitudes of Dutch vegetarians, non-vegetarian consumers of meat substitutes, and meat consumers, ScienceDirect. 2004;42(3):265-272.
12. Koutentakis M, Surma S, Rogula S, Filipiak KJ, Gąsecka A. The Effect of a Vegan Diet on the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2023;10(3):94. doi: 10.3390/jcdd10030094.
13. Kahleova H, Levin S, Barnard N. Cardio-Metabolic Benefits of Plant-Based Diets. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):848. doi: 10.3390/nu9080848.
14. American Dietetic Association; Dietitians of Canada. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: vegetarian diets. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2003;64(2):62-81. doi: 10.3148/64.2.2003.62.
15. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Rosell MS. Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets. Proc Nutr Soc. 2006;65(1):35-41. doi: 10.1079/pns2005481.
16. Moonaisur N, Marx-Pienaar N, de Kock HL. Plant-based meat alternatives in South Africa: An analysis of products on supermarket shelves. Food Sci Nutr. 2023;12(1):627-637. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3765.
17. Deliens T, Mullie P, Clarys P. Plant-based dietary patterns in Flemish adults: a 10-year trend analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(1):561-565. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02630-z. Epub 2021 Jul 2. Erratum in: Eur J Nutr. 2022 Feb;61(1):567. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02744-4.
18. Thanh-Lam Nguyen, Do Huu Tai, Lam Thanh Hien, Doan Manh Quynh, Phan Ngoc So. A Novel Model to Predict Plant-Based Food Choice-Empirical study in Southerm VietNam, MDPI, Sustainability 2020;12(9):3847; doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093847.
19. Nguyen Minh Trang, Le Khanh Linh (2020), Reseach on factors influencing the intention to purchase vegan food of gen z consumers in Vietnam, The Seybold repport, ISSN 1533-9211, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15341609.
20. Cormick G, Belizán JM. Calcium Intake and Health. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1606. doi: 10.3390/nu11071606.
21. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. (2011). Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D (A. C. Ross, C. L. Taylor, A. L. Yaktine, & H. B. Del Valle, Eds.). National Academies Press.
22. Mangels, A. R. (2014). Bone nutrients for vegetarians. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(Suppl_1): 469S–475S.
23. Muleya M, F Bailey E, H Bailey E. A comparison of the bioaccessible calcium supplies of various plant-based products relative to bovine milk. Food Res Int. 2024;175:113795. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113795.
24. Merrill RM, Aldana SG. Consequences of a plant-based diet with low dairy consumption on intake of bone-relevant nutrients. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009;18(5):691-8. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2008.1020.
25. Miller DD. Calcium in the diet: food sources, recommended intakes, and nutritional bioavailability. Adv Food Nutr Res. 1989;33:103-56. doi: 10.1016/s1043-4526(08)60127-8.
26. Geller SG, Clark BE, Pope L, Niles MT, Belarmino EH. Investigating Knowledge on Calcium and Preferences for Dairy vs. Plant-Based Alternatives. J Healthy Eat Act Living. 2022 Aug 25;2(2):60-72.
27. Brogren M, Savage GP. Bioavailability of soluble oxalate from spinach eaten with and without milk products. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(2):219-24. PMID: 12810415.
28. D'Alessandro C, Ferraro PM, Cianchi C, Barsotti M, Gambaro G, Cupisti A. Which Diet for Calcium Stone Patients: A Real-World Approach to Preventive Care. Nutrients. 2019 May 27;11(5):1182. doi: 10.3390/nu11051182.
29. Lau EMC, Kwok T, Woo J, Ho SC. Bone mineral density in Chinese elderly female vegetarians, vegans, lacto-ovegetarians and omnivores. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52 (1998):60-64.
30. Rees K, Al-Khudairy L, Takeda A, Stranges S. Vegan dietary pattern for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
31. Ho-Pham LT, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Effect of vegetarian diets on bone mineral density: a Bayesian meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(4):943-50. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27521.
32. Baig JA, Sheikh SA, Islam I, Kumar M. Vitamin D status among vegetarians and non-vegetarians. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2013;25(1-2):152-5.
33. Outila TA, Kärkkäinen MU, Seppänen RH, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Dietary intake of vitamin D in premenopausal, healthy vegans was insufficient to maintain concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone within normal ranges during the winter in Finland. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(4):434-41. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00134-6.
34. Rizzo NS, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J, Fraser GE. Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and nonvegetarian dietary patterns. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(12):1610-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.06.349.
35. Smith AM. Veganism and osteoporosis: a review of the current literature. Int J Nurs Pract. 2006;12(5):302-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2006.00580.x.
36. Galchenko A, Gapparova K, Sidorova E. The influence of vegetarian and vegan diets on the state of bone mineral density in humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(7):845-861. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1996330.
37. Hansen TH, Madsen MTB, Jørgensen NR, et al. Bone turnover, calcium homeostasis, and vitamin D status in Danish vegans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72(7):1046-1054. doi: 10.1038/s41430-017-0081-y.
38. Pilis W, Stec K, Zych M, Pilis A. Health benefits and risk associated with adopting a vegetarian diet. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2014; 65:9–14.
39. Zhao Y, Martin BR, Weaver CM. Calcium bioavailability of calcium carbonate fortified soymilk is equivalent to cow's milk in young women. J Nutr. 2005;135(10):2379-82. doi: 10.1093/jn/135.10.2379.
40. Sakhaee K, Bhuket T, Adams-Huet B, Rao DS. Meta-analysis of calcium bioavailability: a comparison of calcium citrate with calcium carbonate. Am J Ther. 1999;6(6):313-21. doi: 10.1097/00045391-199911000-00005.
41. Talbot JR, Guardo P, Seccia S, Gear L, Lubary DR, Saad G, Roberts ML, Fradinger E, Marino A, Zanchetta JR. Calcium bioavailability and parathyroid hormone acute changes after oral intake of dairy and nondairy products in healthy volunteers. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(2):137-42. doi: 10.1007/s001980050208.
42. Sandberg AS. Bioavailability of minerals in legumes. Br J Nutr. 2002;88:S281-285. doi: 10.1079/BJN/2002718.
43. Mortensen L, Charles P. Bioavailability of calcium supplements and the effect of Vitamin D: comparisons between milk, calcium carbonate, and calcium carbonate plus vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(3):354-7. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/63.3.354.
2. Salehi G, Díaz E, Redondo R. Forty-five years of research on vegetarianism and veganism: A systematic and comprehensive literature review of quantitative studies. Heliyon. 2023;9(5):e16091. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16091.
3. Stahler C. How many adults are vegetarian?, Veg J. 2006;25:14-15
4. Agnoli C, Baroni L, Bertini I, et al. A comprehensive review of healthy effects of vegetarian diets. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. ;33(7):1308-1315. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.04.005.
5. Key TJ, Papier K, Tong TYN. Plant-based diets and long-term health: findings from the EPIC-Oxford study. Proc Nutr Soc. 2022;81(2):190-198. doi: 10.1017/S0029665121003748.
6. Bakaloudi DR, Halloran A, Rippin HL, et al. Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):3503-3521. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035.
7. Malhotra A, Lakade A. Analytical Review on Nutritional Deficiencies in Vegan Diets: Risks, Prevention, and Optimal Strategies. J Am Nutr Assoc. 2025;1-11. doi: 10.1080/27697061.2025.2461218.
8. Neufingerl N, Eilander A. Nutrient Intake and Status in Adults Consuming Plant-Based Diets Compared to Meat-Eaters: A Systematic Review. 2021;23;14(1):29. doi: 10.3390/nu14010029.
9. Zhu K, Prince RL. Calcium and bone. Clin Biochem. 2012;45(12):936-42. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.05.006.
10. Barr S et al (2002), Perceptions and practices of self-defined current vegetarian, former vegetarian and non-vegetarian, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.
11. Annet C.Hoek et al. Food-related lifestyle and health attitudes of Dutch vegetarians, non-vegetarian consumers of meat substitutes, and meat consumers, ScienceDirect. 2004;42(3):265-272.
12. Koutentakis M, Surma S, Rogula S, Filipiak KJ, Gąsecka A. The Effect of a Vegan Diet on the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2023;10(3):94. doi: 10.3390/jcdd10030094.
13. Kahleova H, Levin S, Barnard N. Cardio-Metabolic Benefits of Plant-Based Diets. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):848. doi: 10.3390/nu9080848.
14. American Dietetic Association; Dietitians of Canada. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: vegetarian diets. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2003;64(2):62-81. doi: 10.3148/64.2.2003.62.
15. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Rosell MS. Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets. Proc Nutr Soc. 2006;65(1):35-41. doi: 10.1079/pns2005481.
16. Moonaisur N, Marx-Pienaar N, de Kock HL. Plant-based meat alternatives in South Africa: An analysis of products on supermarket shelves. Food Sci Nutr. 2023;12(1):627-637. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3765.
17. Deliens T, Mullie P, Clarys P. Plant-based dietary patterns in Flemish adults: a 10-year trend analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(1):561-565. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02630-z. Epub 2021 Jul 2. Erratum in: Eur J Nutr. 2022 Feb;61(1):567. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02744-4.
18. Thanh-Lam Nguyen, Do Huu Tai, Lam Thanh Hien, Doan Manh Quynh, Phan Ngoc So. A Novel Model to Predict Plant-Based Food Choice-Empirical study in Southerm VietNam, MDPI, Sustainability 2020;12(9):3847; doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093847.
19. Nguyen Minh Trang, Le Khanh Linh (2020), Reseach on factors influencing the intention to purchase vegan food of gen z consumers in Vietnam, The Seybold repport, ISSN 1533-9211, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15341609.
20. Cormick G, Belizán JM. Calcium Intake and Health. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1606. doi: 10.3390/nu11071606.
21. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. (2011). Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D (A. C. Ross, C. L. Taylor, A. L. Yaktine, & H. B. Del Valle, Eds.). National Academies Press.
22. Mangels, A. R. (2014). Bone nutrients for vegetarians. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(Suppl_1): 469S–475S.
23. Muleya M, F Bailey E, H Bailey E. A comparison of the bioaccessible calcium supplies of various plant-based products relative to bovine milk. Food Res Int. 2024;175:113795. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113795.
24. Merrill RM, Aldana SG. Consequences of a plant-based diet with low dairy consumption on intake of bone-relevant nutrients. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009;18(5):691-8. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2008.1020.
25. Miller DD. Calcium in the diet: food sources, recommended intakes, and nutritional bioavailability. Adv Food Nutr Res. 1989;33:103-56. doi: 10.1016/s1043-4526(08)60127-8.
26. Geller SG, Clark BE, Pope L, Niles MT, Belarmino EH. Investigating Knowledge on Calcium and Preferences for Dairy vs. Plant-Based Alternatives. J Healthy Eat Act Living. 2022 Aug 25;2(2):60-72.
27. Brogren M, Savage GP. Bioavailability of soluble oxalate from spinach eaten with and without milk products. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(2):219-24. PMID: 12810415.
28. D'Alessandro C, Ferraro PM, Cianchi C, Barsotti M, Gambaro G, Cupisti A. Which Diet for Calcium Stone Patients: A Real-World Approach to Preventive Care. Nutrients. 2019 May 27;11(5):1182. doi: 10.3390/nu11051182.
29. Lau EMC, Kwok T, Woo J, Ho SC. Bone mineral density in Chinese elderly female vegetarians, vegans, lacto-ovegetarians and omnivores. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52 (1998):60-64.
30. Rees K, Al-Khudairy L, Takeda A, Stranges S. Vegan dietary pattern for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
31. Ho-Pham LT, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Effect of vegetarian diets on bone mineral density: a Bayesian meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(4):943-50. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27521.
32. Baig JA, Sheikh SA, Islam I, Kumar M. Vitamin D status among vegetarians and non-vegetarians. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2013;25(1-2):152-5.
33. Outila TA, Kärkkäinen MU, Seppänen RH, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Dietary intake of vitamin D in premenopausal, healthy vegans was insufficient to maintain concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone within normal ranges during the winter in Finland. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(4):434-41. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00134-6.
34. Rizzo NS, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J, Fraser GE. Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and nonvegetarian dietary patterns. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(12):1610-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.06.349.
35. Smith AM. Veganism and osteoporosis: a review of the current literature. Int J Nurs Pract. 2006;12(5):302-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2006.00580.x.
36. Galchenko A, Gapparova K, Sidorova E. The influence of vegetarian and vegan diets on the state of bone mineral density in humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(7):845-861. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1996330.
37. Hansen TH, Madsen MTB, Jørgensen NR, et al. Bone turnover, calcium homeostasis, and vitamin D status in Danish vegans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72(7):1046-1054. doi: 10.1038/s41430-017-0081-y.
38. Pilis W, Stec K, Zych M, Pilis A. Health benefits and risk associated with adopting a vegetarian diet. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2014; 65:9–14.
39. Zhao Y, Martin BR, Weaver CM. Calcium bioavailability of calcium carbonate fortified soymilk is equivalent to cow's milk in young women. J Nutr. 2005;135(10):2379-82. doi: 10.1093/jn/135.10.2379.
40. Sakhaee K, Bhuket T, Adams-Huet B, Rao DS. Meta-analysis of calcium bioavailability: a comparison of calcium citrate with calcium carbonate. Am J Ther. 1999;6(6):313-21. doi: 10.1097/00045391-199911000-00005.
41. Talbot JR, Guardo P, Seccia S, Gear L, Lubary DR, Saad G, Roberts ML, Fradinger E, Marino A, Zanchetta JR. Calcium bioavailability and parathyroid hormone acute changes after oral intake of dairy and nondairy products in healthy volunteers. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(2):137-42. doi: 10.1007/s001980050208.
42. Sandberg AS. Bioavailability of minerals in legumes. Br J Nutr. 2002;88:S281-285. doi: 10.1079/BJN/2002718.
43. Mortensen L, Charles P. Bioavailability of calcium supplements and the effect of Vitamin D: comparisons between milk, calcium carbonate, and calcium carbonate plus vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(3):354-7. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/63.3.354.