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31/10/2023
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SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
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NGUYEN PT, NGUYEN HT. MICROALGAE DERIVED ASTAXANTHIN: APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES IN PRODUCTION AND TRADE. Tạp chí Dinh dưỡng và Thực phẩm. 2023;19(4+5):1-10. doi:10.56283/1859-0381/557
MICROALGAE DERIVED ASTAXANTHIN: APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES IN PRODUCTION AND TRADE
Main Article Content
Abstract
Astaxanthin derived from microalgae has recently attracted attention because of its potential applications in food, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, animal feeds, and cosmetics. Astaxanthin is used as a nutritional supplement, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunostimulant. Astaxanthin can prevent gastrointestinal disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Most of these properties are due to astaxanthin's high antioxidant capacity, much higher than that of other known natural compounds. However, commercial development is still at an early stage due to high production costs, technical difficulties in further processing and problems related to the bioavailability of this biomolecule. The current review focuses on the industrial applications of astaxanthin and the challenges in its commercial production.
Article Details
Keywords
Astaxanthin, carotenoids, antioxidants, microalgae
References
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2. Kaha M, Iwamoto K, Yahya NA, Suhaimi N, Sugiura N, Hara H, Othman N, Zakaria Z, Suzuki K. Enhancement of astaxanthin accumulation using black light in Coelastrum and Monoraphidium isolated from Malaysia. Sci Rep. 2021;11 (1):11708.
3. Higuera-Ciapara I, Félix-Valenzuela L, Goycoolea F. Astaxanthin: A review of its chemistry and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46:185-196.
4. Villaro S, Ciardi M, Morillas-Espana A, Sanchez-Zurano A, Acien-Fernandez G, Lafarga T. Microalgae derived astaxanthin: Research and consumer trends and industrial use as food. Foods. 2021;10 (10).
5. Kathiresan S, Chandrashekar A, Ravishankar GA, Sarada R. Regulation of astaxanthin and its intermediates through cloning and genetic transformation of β-carotene ketolase in Haematococcus pluvialis. J Biotechnol. 2015;196-197:33-41.
6. Garrido-Cardenas JA, Manzano-Agugliaro F, Acien-Fernandez FG, Molina-Grima E. Microalgae research worldwide. Algal Res. 2018;35:50-60.
7. Lu Q, Li H, Zou Y, Liu H, Yang L. Astaxanthin as a microalgal metabolite for aquaculture: A review on the synthetic mechanisms, production techniques, and practical application. Algal Res. 2021;54:102178.
8. Vidhyavathi R, Venkatachalam L, Sarada R, Ravishankar GA. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes expression and carotenoid accumulation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis under nutrient stress conditions. J Exp Bot. 2008;59 (6):1409-1418.
9. Travieso L, Domínguez-Bocanegra A, Rincon B, Sanchez Hernandez E, Benítez F, Borja R, Raposo F, Colmenarejo M. Batch culture growth of Chlorella zofingiensis on effluent derived from two-stage anaerobic digestion of two-phase olive mill solid waste. Electron J Biotechnol. 2008;11: 2-8.
10. Fujii K, Nakashima H, Hashidzume Y, Uchiyama T, Mishiro K, Kadota Y. Potential use of the astaxanthin-producing microalga, Monoraphidium sp. GK12, as a functional aquafeed for prawns. J Appl Phycol. 2010;22 (3):363-369.
11. Barclay MC, Irvin SJ, Williams KC, Smith DM. Comparison of diets for the tropical spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus: astaxanthin-supplemented feeds and mussel flesh. Aquac Nutr. 2006;12 (2):117-125.
12. Lim KC, Yusoff FM, Shariff M, Kamarudin MS. Dietary astaxanthin augments disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790), against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2021;114:90-101.
13. Perenlei G, Tojo H, Okada T, Kubota M, Kadowaki M, Fujimura S. Effect of dietary astaxanthin rich yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma, on meat quality of broiler chickens. Anim Sci J. 2014;85 (10):895-903.
14. Kumar S, Singh SV. Influence of astaxanthin supplementation on attainment of puberty and lipid peroxidation in Sahiwal and Karan Fries (Holstein × Tharparkar) heifers during summer season. Biol Rhythm Res. 2020;51 (1):15-28.
15. Carballo DE, Caro I, Andrés S, Giráldez FJ, Mateo J. Assessment of the antioxidant effect of astaxanthin in fresh, frozen and cooked lamb patties. Food Res Int. 2018;111:342-350.
16. Abdelmalek BE, Sila A, Ghlissi Z, Taktak MA, Ayadi MA, Bougatef A. The influence of natural astaxanthin on the formulation and storage of marinated chicken steaks. J Food Biochem. 2016;40 (4):393-403.
17. Pogorzelska E, Godziszewska J, Brodowska M, Wierzbicka A. Antioxidant potential of Haematococcus pluvialis extract rich in astaxanthin on colour and oxidative stability of raw ground pork meat during refrigerated storage. Meat Sci. 2017;135:54-61.
18. Lafarga T, Gallagher E, Walsh D, Valverde J, Hayes M. Chitosan-containing bread made using marine shellfishery byproducts: Functional, bioactive, and quality assessment of the end product. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61 (37):8790-8796.
19. Singh KN, Patil S, Barkate H. Protective effects of astaxanthin on skin: Recent scientific evidence, possible mechanisms, and potential indications. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19 (1):22-27.
20. Cheng X-Y, Xiong Y-J, Yang M-M, Zhu M-J. Preparation of astaxanthin mask from Phaffia rhodozyma and its evaluation. Process Biochem. 2019;79:195-202.
21. Astaxanthin Collagen All-in-One Gel: One-Step, Multi-Action Facial Moisturizer. DHC USA Inc. Accessed June 14, 2023 at: https://www.dhccare.com/astaxanthin-collagen-all-in-one-gel.html
22. Lafarga T, Hayes M. Bioactive peptides from meat muscle and by-products: generation, functionality and application as functional ingredients. Meat Sci. 2014;98 (2):227-239.
23. Naguib Y. Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48:1150-1154.
24. Turrin NP, Rivest S. Molecular and cellular immune mediators of neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol. 2006;34 (3):221-242.
25. Galasso C, Orefice I, Pellone P, Cirino P, Miele R, Ianora A, Brunet C, Sansone C. On the neuroprotective role of astaxanthin: New Perspectives? Marine Drugs. 2018;16:247.
26. Bhuvaneswari S, Arunkumar E, Viswanathan P, Anuradha CV. Astaxanthin restricts weight gain, promotes insulin sensitivity and curtails fatty liver disease in mice fed a obesity-promoting diet. Process Biochem. 2010;45 (8):1406-1414.
27. Fakhri S, Aneva I, Farzaei MH, Sobarzo-SÁNchez E. The neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin: Therapeutic targets and clinical perspective. Molecules. 2019;24:2640.
28. Bolin AP, Macedo RC, Marin DP, Barros MP, Otton R. Astaxanthin prevents in vitro auto-oxidative injury in human lymphocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2010;26 (5):457-467.
29. Lin K-H, Lin K-C, Lu W-J, Thomas P-A, Jayakumar T, Sheu J-R. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid, stimulates immune responses by enhancing IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion in primary cultured lymphocytes in vitro and ex vivo. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17 (1):44.
30. Yuan J-P, Peng J, Yin K, Wang J-H. Potential health-promoting effects of astaxanthin: A high-value carotenoid mostly from microalgae. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55 (1):150-165.
31. Torres-Haro A, Verdín J, Kirchmayr MR, Arellano-Plaza M. Metabolic engineering for high yield synthesis of astaxanthin in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Microb Cell Factories. 2021;20 (1):175.
32. Patel AK, Tambat VS, Chen C-W, Chauhan AS, Kumar P, Vadrale AP, Huang C-Y, Dong C-D, Singhania RR. Recent advancements in astaxanthin production from microalgae: A review. Bioresour Technol. 2022;364:128030.
33. Udayan A, Pandey AK, Sharma P, Sreekumar N, Kumar S. Emerging industrial applications of microalgae: challenges and future perspectives. Syst Microbiol Biomanuf. 2021;1 (4):411-431.
34. Li Q, Li L, Zhang Y, Gao H, Zhao Y, Yu X. Chemical inducers regulate ROS signalling to stimulate astaxanthin production in Haematococcus pluvialis under environmental stresses: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2023;136:181-193.
35. Villaró S, Ciardi M, Morillas-España A, Sánchez-Zurano A, Acién-Fernández G, Lafarga T. Microalgae derived astaxanthin: Research and consumer trends and industrial use as food. Foods. 2021, 10 (10):2303.
36. Greenwell C, Laurens L, Shields R, Lovitt RB, Flynn K. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: A review of the technological challenges. J R Soc Interface. 2010;7:703-726.
37. Bohn T. Bioavailability of non-provitamin a carotenoids. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2008;4:240-258.
38. Ambati DRR, Lakshmaiah RR, Baskaran V, Sarada R, Gokare R. Characterization of microalgal carotenoids by mass spectrometry and their bioavailability and antioxidant properties elucidated in rat model. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:8553-8559.
2. Kaha M, Iwamoto K, Yahya NA, Suhaimi N, Sugiura N, Hara H, Othman N, Zakaria Z, Suzuki K. Enhancement of astaxanthin accumulation using black light in Coelastrum and Monoraphidium isolated from Malaysia. Sci Rep. 2021;11 (1):11708.
3. Higuera-Ciapara I, Félix-Valenzuela L, Goycoolea F. Astaxanthin: A review of its chemistry and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46:185-196.
4. Villaro S, Ciardi M, Morillas-Espana A, Sanchez-Zurano A, Acien-Fernandez G, Lafarga T. Microalgae derived astaxanthin: Research and consumer trends and industrial use as food. Foods. 2021;10 (10).
5. Kathiresan S, Chandrashekar A, Ravishankar GA, Sarada R. Regulation of astaxanthin and its intermediates through cloning and genetic transformation of β-carotene ketolase in Haematococcus pluvialis. J Biotechnol. 2015;196-197:33-41.
6. Garrido-Cardenas JA, Manzano-Agugliaro F, Acien-Fernandez FG, Molina-Grima E. Microalgae research worldwide. Algal Res. 2018;35:50-60.
7. Lu Q, Li H, Zou Y, Liu H, Yang L. Astaxanthin as a microalgal metabolite for aquaculture: A review on the synthetic mechanisms, production techniques, and practical application. Algal Res. 2021;54:102178.
8. Vidhyavathi R, Venkatachalam L, Sarada R, Ravishankar GA. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes expression and carotenoid accumulation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis under nutrient stress conditions. J Exp Bot. 2008;59 (6):1409-1418.
9. Travieso L, Domínguez-Bocanegra A, Rincon B, Sanchez Hernandez E, Benítez F, Borja R, Raposo F, Colmenarejo M. Batch culture growth of Chlorella zofingiensis on effluent derived from two-stage anaerobic digestion of two-phase olive mill solid waste. Electron J Biotechnol. 2008;11: 2-8.
10. Fujii K, Nakashima H, Hashidzume Y, Uchiyama T, Mishiro K, Kadota Y. Potential use of the astaxanthin-producing microalga, Monoraphidium sp. GK12, as a functional aquafeed for prawns. J Appl Phycol. 2010;22 (3):363-369.
11. Barclay MC, Irvin SJ, Williams KC, Smith DM. Comparison of diets for the tropical spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus: astaxanthin-supplemented feeds and mussel flesh. Aquac Nutr. 2006;12 (2):117-125.
12. Lim KC, Yusoff FM, Shariff M, Kamarudin MS. Dietary astaxanthin augments disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790), against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2021;114:90-101.
13. Perenlei G, Tojo H, Okada T, Kubota M, Kadowaki M, Fujimura S. Effect of dietary astaxanthin rich yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma, on meat quality of broiler chickens. Anim Sci J. 2014;85 (10):895-903.
14. Kumar S, Singh SV. Influence of astaxanthin supplementation on attainment of puberty and lipid peroxidation in Sahiwal and Karan Fries (Holstein × Tharparkar) heifers during summer season. Biol Rhythm Res. 2020;51 (1):15-28.
15. Carballo DE, Caro I, Andrés S, Giráldez FJ, Mateo J. Assessment of the antioxidant effect of astaxanthin in fresh, frozen and cooked lamb patties. Food Res Int. 2018;111:342-350.
16. Abdelmalek BE, Sila A, Ghlissi Z, Taktak MA, Ayadi MA, Bougatef A. The influence of natural astaxanthin on the formulation and storage of marinated chicken steaks. J Food Biochem. 2016;40 (4):393-403.
17. Pogorzelska E, Godziszewska J, Brodowska M, Wierzbicka A. Antioxidant potential of Haematococcus pluvialis extract rich in astaxanthin on colour and oxidative stability of raw ground pork meat during refrigerated storage. Meat Sci. 2017;135:54-61.
18. Lafarga T, Gallagher E, Walsh D, Valverde J, Hayes M. Chitosan-containing bread made using marine shellfishery byproducts: Functional, bioactive, and quality assessment of the end product. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61 (37):8790-8796.
19. Singh KN, Patil S, Barkate H. Protective effects of astaxanthin on skin: Recent scientific evidence, possible mechanisms, and potential indications. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19 (1):22-27.
20. Cheng X-Y, Xiong Y-J, Yang M-M, Zhu M-J. Preparation of astaxanthin mask from Phaffia rhodozyma and its evaluation. Process Biochem. 2019;79:195-202.
21. Astaxanthin Collagen All-in-One Gel: One-Step, Multi-Action Facial Moisturizer. DHC USA Inc. Accessed June 14, 2023 at: https://www.dhccare.com/astaxanthin-collagen-all-in-one-gel.html
22. Lafarga T, Hayes M. Bioactive peptides from meat muscle and by-products: generation, functionality and application as functional ingredients. Meat Sci. 2014;98 (2):227-239.
23. Naguib Y. Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48:1150-1154.
24. Turrin NP, Rivest S. Molecular and cellular immune mediators of neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol. 2006;34 (3):221-242.
25. Galasso C, Orefice I, Pellone P, Cirino P, Miele R, Ianora A, Brunet C, Sansone C. On the neuroprotective role of astaxanthin: New Perspectives? Marine Drugs. 2018;16:247.
26. Bhuvaneswari S, Arunkumar E, Viswanathan P, Anuradha CV. Astaxanthin restricts weight gain, promotes insulin sensitivity and curtails fatty liver disease in mice fed a obesity-promoting diet. Process Biochem. 2010;45 (8):1406-1414.
27. Fakhri S, Aneva I, Farzaei MH, Sobarzo-SÁNchez E. The neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin: Therapeutic targets and clinical perspective. Molecules. 2019;24:2640.
28. Bolin AP, Macedo RC, Marin DP, Barros MP, Otton R. Astaxanthin prevents in vitro auto-oxidative injury in human lymphocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2010;26 (5):457-467.
29. Lin K-H, Lin K-C, Lu W-J, Thomas P-A, Jayakumar T, Sheu J-R. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid, stimulates immune responses by enhancing IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion in primary cultured lymphocytes in vitro and ex vivo. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17 (1):44.
30. Yuan J-P, Peng J, Yin K, Wang J-H. Potential health-promoting effects of astaxanthin: A high-value carotenoid mostly from microalgae. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55 (1):150-165.
31. Torres-Haro A, Verdín J, Kirchmayr MR, Arellano-Plaza M. Metabolic engineering for high yield synthesis of astaxanthin in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Microb Cell Factories. 2021;20 (1):175.
32. Patel AK, Tambat VS, Chen C-W, Chauhan AS, Kumar P, Vadrale AP, Huang C-Y, Dong C-D, Singhania RR. Recent advancements in astaxanthin production from microalgae: A review. Bioresour Technol. 2022;364:128030.
33. Udayan A, Pandey AK, Sharma P, Sreekumar N, Kumar S. Emerging industrial applications of microalgae: challenges and future perspectives. Syst Microbiol Biomanuf. 2021;1 (4):411-431.
34. Li Q, Li L, Zhang Y, Gao H, Zhao Y, Yu X. Chemical inducers regulate ROS signalling to stimulate astaxanthin production in Haematococcus pluvialis under environmental stresses: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2023;136:181-193.
35. Villaró S, Ciardi M, Morillas-España A, Sánchez-Zurano A, Acién-Fernández G, Lafarga T. Microalgae derived astaxanthin: Research and consumer trends and industrial use as food. Foods. 2021, 10 (10):2303.
36. Greenwell C, Laurens L, Shields R, Lovitt RB, Flynn K. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: A review of the technological challenges. J R Soc Interface. 2010;7:703-726.
37. Bohn T. Bioavailability of non-provitamin a carotenoids. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2008;4:240-258.
38. Ambati DRR, Lakshmaiah RR, Baskaran V, Sarada R, Gokare R. Characterization of microalgal carotenoids by mass spectrometry and their bioavailability and antioxidant properties elucidated in rat model. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:8553-8559.